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The principle that allows states to manage their own programs without interference from the national government is known as reserved powers. This concept is enshrined in the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which stipulates that any powers not delegated to the federal government nor prohibited to the states are reserved for the states or the people. This allows state governments to exercise authority and implement policies that meet the specific needs of their local populations without federal oversight.

Reserved powers enable states to administer various functions such as education, transportation, and public safety according to their distinct circumstances and preferences. This autonomy is essential for fostering diversity in governance across different states and reflects the federalist system established in the Constitution, where power is distributed between national and state governments.

Meanwhile, federal supremacy refers to the notion that federal laws take precedence over state laws when there is a conflict, which limits state power. Enumerated powers are specific authorities granted to the federal government by the Constitution, and concurrent powers are those shared between federal and state governments. These concepts do not facilitate the same level of state autonomy as reserved powers do.